Simulated soil water content, soil nitrate concentrations, crop dry matter, leaf area index and grain yields all agreed well with measured values. The model was tested against data from four experimental sites in North China under various soil, crop, climate, and management practices. WHCNS gave better estimations of soil water and N dynamics, dry matter accumulation and N uptake than 14 other models. The WHCNS model was evaluated using an open access dataset from the European International Conference on Modeling Soil Water and N Dynamics. The model integrated some features of several widely used crop and soil models, and some modifications were made in order to apply the WHCNS model under the complex conditions of intensive cropping systems in North China. It included five main modules: soil water, soil temperature, soil carbon (C), soil N, and crop growth. ![]() An integrated model WHCNS (soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator) was developed to assess water and nitrogen (N) management in North China.
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